URBAN ARCHEOLOGY IN THE HISTORICAL CENTER OF THE CITY OF DEJ, JUD. CLUJ, PARCUL MIC POINT
The urban remodeling works of the center of Dej gave archaeologists from the National History Museum of Transylvania the opportunity to investigate a segment of the urban tissue behind the Protestant church, covered by the Small Park. The stone foundations of three buildings that can be dated in the 16th century - the middle of the 19th century and wooden structures, traces of older buildings and storage spaces that, according to the preserved archaeological material in their contents, can be dated, were identified. the earliest, in the 15th century. Segments of the city's fortification wall, most probably built after the middle of the 17th century, have also been identified.
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
SECTION 3A2 NĂDĂŞELU-TOPA MIĂCA OF THE TRANSYLVANIA HIGHWAY
A team of archaeologists from the National History Museum of Transylvania carried out preventive archaeological research on the 3A2 Nădășelu-Topa Mică section of the Transylvania highway. Following the excavations, 16 archaeological sites (conventionally numbered from 1 to 16) were identified and partially investigated. The works started in 2017, but stopped after a few months, for reasons independent of the archaeological research. The finds on this highway sector cover a broad chronological period from prehistory to the early medieval period. Among these, it is worth mentioning the discovery of a Roman road in the area of Nădășel and a cemetery from the era of migrations (Gepid) near the town of Șardu. These are added to those from 2017, namely a Roman village north of the village of Sânpaul, a medieval one near Mihăiești and a very large Neolithic settlement at Topa Mică.
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
DACICA COLONY AUGUSTA VLPIA TRAIANA SARMIZEGETVSA
Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara county
The colony founded by Trajan in Tara Haţegului was the metropolis of the other cities in Roman Dacia and a real cultural model for the rest of the province. Sarmizegetusa was the center of the imperial cult and the provincial parliament also met there (concilium trium Daciarum). Initially, the town had 22,5 ha and was intended for about 1.000 settler families. In two or three generations, the settlement expanded far beyond the initial limits, reaching at the beginning of the century. III approximately 70 ha and no less than 15-20.000 inhabitants.
After the Second World War, the excavations in the Roman Sarmizegetusa continued almost uninterrupted and the temples in the sacred area north of the city, the seat of the financial governor of Dacia Apulensis, the amphitheater and the Trajan forum and the second forum of the city were investigated , with the Capitoline temple.
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
BOLOGA – THE AUXILIARY CASTLE
One of the best-preserved auxiliary stables in Dacia is the one from BOLOG. Located in Poieni commune, Cluj county, on the northwestern border of Dacia Porolissensis, it stands on a high plateau on the right bank of Crișului Repede. With an ancient name still uncertain (Resculum or Rucconium), the fort was the garrison of two distinct auxiliary troops, one of which also had a cavalry contingent: cohort I Aelia Gaesatorum and cohort II Hispanorum.
The fortification presents itself to the visitor in an impressive way, marked by a wide square of vegetation climbing on the preserved wave in some places to a height that even exceeds 2 m. Next to it, the two fortification trenches are visible on almost the entire perimeter. Having a rectangular shape, with dimensions of 160 x 125 m, the fort is oriented approximately to the north, the direction of the border in the area. The fortification system, all gates and corner bastions, as well as buildings in latus praetorii they were researched in the interwar period by M. Macrea and in the 60-70s, by N. Gudea.
In 2012, a team coordinated by F. Marcu resumed research in the central area of the castle, seeking to identify and research the building praetorium, the residence of the commander, Roman knight, doubtless previously reconstructed by N. Gudea
The results so far have revealed a house with a Mediterranean type plan, that is, having an inner courtyard surrounded by rooms on all sides. At least the rooms on the east side were heated through the system hypocaust and features some remarkable partition walls made up of timber and stone beams bound together with mortar.
Surrounding the courtyard was a portico of which only traces of huge pillar pits have survived. The front (north) side seems to have had a more practical, organizational purpose, the installations and structures discovered here indicating functions ranging from kitchen to storage and small workshops. The west side is heavily damaged and despoiled, but research in this area of the building has allowed us to identify at least two remarkably preserved and partially overlapping wooden phases.
The chronology of the building is difficult to establish, but it seems that at some point, after the end of the Severian era, the most solid part of the building is destroyed, only partially occupied, in the southeast corner, by the construction of facilities for a light building, with a clay floor laid on reused stamped tiles.
The finds are also remarkable, from jewelry made of precious metals to pieces of clothing and harness, quite a lot of weaponry and military equipment, metal and glass vessels, but also complete window fragments, unique so far in Dacia.
Research at praetorium from Bologa is approaching a conclusion, and the collective's intention is to capitalize on them by publishing a monographic study and through the application for a restoration and conservation project, which will make these results presentable to the public. Also with this last aim, in 2014, the unveiling of the north gate was also carried out (the praetorium), in order to create the necessary documentation for a restoration and capitalization project.
The Bologa auxiliary fort and the adjacent civilian settlement are part of Romania's National Indicative List for UNESCO and are to be inscribed on the World Heritage List.
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
FORENSIC ARCHEOLOGY RESEARCH FROM PERIPRAVA, JUD. TULCEA (CAMPAIGN IX/2022)
August 11 2022
The Association of Former Political Detainees from Romania together with the Military Prosecutors' Section of the General Prosecutor's Office, in partnership with the National History Museum of Transylvania, organized the 1th campaign of archaeological investigations in the Lipovene Cemetery in the village of Periprava, commune CA Rosetti, Tulcea county. The action took place from August 11-2022, 66 and continued the search for the discovery and recovery of the remains of political prisoners who died in the former prison colony. In this campaign, three excavation units were executed, and eight graves of prisoners were identified, which are added to the XNUMX discovered in the previous campaigns. Their bones were recovered, entering a circuit that involves carrying out medico-legal and anthropological expertise, then genetic identification. Deaths in this labor camp were caused by starvation and cold, lack of drinking water and medical care, accidents amid the grueling working conditions, and the detention regime many endured in the places where they were incarcerated. previous. All this was enhanced by the existing living conditions in the Delta and by the abusive and often violent behavior of some of the colony's employees. The archaeological investigations were carried out in the presence of the military prosecutor in charge of the judicial investigation of the case, being coordinated by Gheorghe Petrov.
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE CAVE IZBUCUL TOPLIțEI DE VIDA
(village Luncasprie, commune Dobreşti, county Bihor)
Known to the domestic and international scientific environment thanks to the spectacular discoveries made by speleologists in the early 80s of the last century, the Izbucul Topliţei de Vida cave has benefited from systematic archaeological research since 2021. The project Reconstructing spatiotemporal paleodynamics from ancient biomolecules to interconnected systems: an overview of cave sediments (PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-0518; website: http://a-dna-history.iser.ro/index-ro.html) brought together specialists from various fields of research (archaeologists, biologists, geologists, speleologists, anthropologists) from prestigious institutions in Transylvania: Babeș-Bolyai University (team coordinated by Dr. Ioana Meleg), the Institute of Archeology and Art History in Cluj Napoca (dr. habil. Florin Gogâltan), the National History Museum of Transylvania (dr. Demjén Andrea) and the Oradea Crișurilor Land Museum (dr. Călin Ghemiș).
In the summer of 2022, under very special conditions regarding controlled access to the cave, the team investigated two child graves dating back to the early Bronze Age (ca. 2500-2300 BC) and traces of a habitation from the end of the Middle Neolithic (ca. .5200-5000). Given that the northern profile of the open box in this archaeological research campaign had great scientific potential, sediment samples, samples for AMS dating and fossil DNA were taken. All the evacuated sediment was transported out of the cave and washed to recover all the archaeological materials (ceramic fragments, animal and human bones, grains, small lithic pieces, etc.).
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
POTAISSA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE (TURDA, CLUJ COUNTY)
Systematic archaeological research at Potaissa, in the V Macedonica legion camp and related civilian settlement, has been ongoing since 1971 to the present. The research team is made up of specialists from Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, the National History Museum of Transylvania, the University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology GE Palade Târgu Mureș and the Turda History Museum. Between the years 2017-2021, a type edifice was researched house, a house in the civil settlement (cannabis) appeared near the legion camp. During the 2022 campaign, the research contributed to completing the planimetry of the civil settlement.
FORTRESS OF THE V MACEDONICAL LEGION FROM POTAISSA (TURDA)
For the defense of northern Dacia, after the Marcoman wars, the V Macedonica legion was brought to Potaissa from Troesmis (Moesia Inferior). The legion was deployed on the Marcomannic front, but it is likely that a construction vigilance had already chosen the location of the new fort near vicePotaissa, on the banks of the Aries river. After the peace at the beginning of Commodus' reign, the legion camped at Potaissa, from where it would leave only with the withdrawal of the Roman army and administration from Dacia during the time of Emperor Aurelianus (270-275 BC).
Systematic archaeological research began in 1971 and continues today, with 50 annual campaigns being counted. Those responsible for these researches were, in 1971-1972, Constantin Daicoviciu, in 1973-2013, Mihai Bărbulescu, and from 2014 until now, Sorin Nemeti.
Thus, successive campaigns led to the discovery of several archaeological sites: between 1971-1974 the barracks and the complex of horror from latus praetorii sinistrum (M. Bărbulescu, Z. Milea),
between 1975-1977 the barracks, the north-west corner bastion and porta decumana, between 1978-1986 the headquarters building (principia), between 1987-1992 the cohort barracks milliaria from latus praetorii dextrum (M. Bărbulescu, A. Cătinaș, C. Luca).
Several archaeological campaigns in the years 1993, 1995-2007 aimed at researching the baths of the castru (thermae). In 1994 and 2008-2011, research continued at the headquarters building, revealing the porticoes, respectively the courtyard of this building. Between 2012-2016, the area was researched foreshadowing sinister where the complex was identified centuriae (S. Nemeti). In the years 2017-2021, research focused on the civilian residential area northwest of the castro, in what is supposed to have been cannabis-the.
From the research carried out so far, it appears that we are dealing with a typical legionary camp for those built in the era of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. The long sides of the castle measure approx. 573 m, and the short sides 408 m. With an area of 23,37 ha, the Potaissa camp falls within the usual dimensions of the legion camp. Research has been published in monographic works, articles and studies dealing with various materials discovered in the legionary fortification and annual archaeological reports.
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
THE PALACE OF THE CONSULAR GOVERNOR OF THE THREE DACIAS FROM APULUM
August 2022
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț
In the 2022 campaign, carried out in August, the archaeological excavations were concentrated in the two sections under investigation on the southern side of the complex, SXIX/14 and SXX/16, in order to reveal the constructive elements of Roman Building II - a large edifice, which belongs to the last phase of existence of the researched complex (XNUMXrd century BC) (Fig 1). The main objective was the continuation of the research inside the two rooms of the Roman Building II - rooms W1 and W2 - in order to edify us on the way of their internal organization. Also, because the Roman vestiges were affected by modern intrusions (a wooden and a stone cellar belonging to modern buildings of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth century, a pit for removing Roman construction materials, practiced at the end of the XNUMXth century on part of the surveyed area), in this year's campaign we managed to completely empty these complexes, in order to continue the discovery of the Roman ruins in future campaigns (Fig. 1, 3).
The archaeological materials discovered belonged to the modern and Roman eras. For the level corresponding to the 18th-19th centuries, various ceramic fragments (dishes, tiles, pipes), glassware, animal bones, etc., were discovered. The artifacts of the Roman period were numerous, among which we mention whole and fragmented ceramic lamps, other ceramic categories (fine table, kitchen, casting, storage, transport ceramics - imported amphorae that brought wine and olive oil from the centers western and eastern of the Roman Empire, etc.) and stamped tile material, with the stamps of the XIII Gemina legion, simple or accompanied by anthroponyms and with the emblems of the governor's guard.
At the same time, interdisciplinary research was continued on the southern and eastern sides of the site (photogrammetry, ERT, DEM, 3D modeling) (Fig 2), as well as 3D scanning of objects discovered in consular praetorium, in order to prepare the archaeological monograph, the historical-archaeological valorization and popularization of the site.
Palace of the Consular Governor of Roman Dacia (consular praetorium) from Apulum (Fig. 1) represented the official headquarters of the provincial administration, being in fact a combination between a first-rank public institution of the province and the private residence of the governor. It was located east-southeast of the 6th Gemina legion camp and was a large residential complex (occupying an area of about 168 hectares), which included several wings, where the governor and his numerous staff carried out their activity. Initially the seat of the governor was located in the capital of the province, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. After the administrative reform carried out by the emperor Marcus Aurelius in XNUMX AD, the governor's palace was moved to Apulum, which, through the presence of the XNUMXth Gemina legion and the emperor's representative in Dacia, of a legatus augusti pro praetorae of consular rank, became the political capital of the province.
The plan of the remains belonging to the Governor's Palace revealed so far includes both its official headquarters (where the offices of its officers and non-commissioned officers were located - officium consularis, rooms intended for economic and staff activities, temples dedicated to Roman deities, etc.), as well as his private residence.
HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
a. Previous archaeological research (1888-1908; 1943; 1962)
The most important part of the Governor's Palace was unveiled by Adalbert Cserni, the first director of the Alba Iulia Museum. In the period 1888-1908, he revealed an area of approximately 13000 m2, in an area located at that time in the glacis of the Austrian fortification (Fig. 2, no. 1), about 130 m to the east of the "southernmost wall of the fortress" (currently, the area about 150 m south by the current reformed church on Bdul Regele Ferdinand and up to the former Spirit Factory). A. Cserni then discovered a vast edifice, which he called the "great Roman baths" (baths) of Apulum, due to the large number of rooms equipped with basins and heating installations. The respective vestiges represent an important part of the Palace of the consular governor of the three Dacias, recently identified by I. Piso and Al. Diaconescu based on the inscriptions dedicated to the governors by officers and non-commissioned officers from his staff, as well as by the impressive number of stamps on tegular materials, in which the names of the troops charged with guarding the governor appear.
Parts of the same complex were discovered to the north, north-east and north-west by the excavations of A. Cserni respectively along the Alba Iulia-Zlatna railway (1943) and on the site of the current Economic College "Dionesa Pop Marțian " from the current Octavian Goga str. no. 11, former Dobrogeanu Gherea str., as a result of the archaeological excavations carried out by Al. Popa and I. Berciu (1962) (Fig. 2, no. 2-3). Albaiulian archaeologists discovered the ruins of a group of buildings, uncovered on an area of 575 m2.. Among them stands out an edifice of impressive proportions, made up of several rooms decorated with plaster painted in shades of Pompeian red, equipped with imposing marble staircases and equipped with heating installations. Recent preventive excavations were recently carried out in the same area by A. Timofan, R. Ota (2007) and O. Oargă (2019) (Fig. 2, no. 5-6).
b. Recent archaeological research (1992-2003; 2007-present)
The most recent archaeological researches were carried out in the last 28 years on Munteniei Street (1992-present), being carried out by Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț (National Museum of Transylvanian History, Cluj-Napoca) and her collaborators from the National Museum of Union, of the County Directorate of Alba Heritage and of the "1 December 1918" University of Alba Iulia in an area located approximately 150 m south and southwest of the great edifice discovered by Adalbert Cserni and 100 m west of the discoveries made by I. Berciu and Al. Popa in 1943 and 1962 (Fig. 2, no. 4; Fig. 3). The monumental buildings, similar to those discovered by previous archaeologists, as well as the archaeological materials discovered here, prove that they belong to the same complex, represented by the seat of the consular governor of the three Dacias.
In the period 1992–2001, archaeological research focused on an area of 60 x 18 m, which had been destroyed by excavation, located in the central-northern area of the archaeological reserve, in order to know the constructive elements and the stratigraphy of the site (Fig. 4 -7). In the period 2001–2003 and 2007–2020, the discovery of the vestiges in the area located on the southern and eastern sides of the archaeological reserve continued (Fig. 8-10). 3 sections were opened on the southern side of the site: SXVIII/07 (research completed); SXIX/14 and SXX/16 (research in progress) and one on the eastern side – SXVII/01 (research completed).
20 sections and boxes were investigated in this way, totaling 1000 square meters out of the total of 3000, which constitute the perimeter of the preserved part of the Governor's Palace at Apulum. The main results of these researches are the identification of new construction elements, as well as the refinement of the chronology of the constructions that belonged to the complex represented by consular praetorium from Apulum;
Also, interdisciplinary research was carried out (electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) (Fig. 11), magnetometry, photogrammetry, 3D modeling (Fig. 12), 3D scanning of the discovered artifacts (Fig. 13-14), carried out by Dr. Dan Ștefan (SC Vector Studio Bucharest) and Dr. Călin Șuteu (SC GigaPixel SRL), for completing the information necessary for the archaeological research of the complex, for the scientific exploitation of the results and the knowledge of the buildings and the discovered artifacts by the general public.
Archaeological research is ongoing, now focusing on the southern and eastern sides of the site.
TOTAL RESEARCHED SURFACE:. At the current stage of research, consular praetorium from Apulum was discovered on an area of approximately one and a half hectares (14500 m2), which represents one of the most impressive complexes of this type discovered in the Roman Empire. It has not been completely uncovered, the six points where ruins belonging to it have been reported and uncovered, extending the area where it was built to a much larger area, possibly about 6 hectares, which represents the largest occupied area of a seat of the governor of a province in the Roman Empire.
Given that only a few such are known the praetorium of the governors of the Empire (Aquincum, in Lower Pannonia, Carnuntum, in Upper Pannonia, Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, in Lower Germany, Mogontiacum in Upper Germany, Dura Europos in Syria, and Caesarea Maritima in Judea), any new information about such a type of monument is valuable both for understanding the official structures of the Roman state in the provinces and for awareness of the importance of heritage in the development of a country.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS DISCOVERED
The artifacts discovered, both in the previous and the most recent excavations, are very varied. Thus, inscriptions were found placed by governors of the province or members of his staff in honor of divinities or emperors.
Predominantly then (75%) is the stamped tile material - bricks, tiles, tiles - bearing the logo of the XNUMXth Gemina legion, accompanied by anthroponyms (names of centurions or craftsmen who worked in the brickyard of the military unit). To them is added a large number of stamps of the special troops in charge of guarding the governor: pedites singulares (pedestrians), equites singulares (knights) and numerus singularium (the generic name of the battle formation in which the governor's guards were organized).
Also, objects made of bone (hairpins and sewing pins, tokens), metal (pieces of military equipment or ornaments, made of bronze and silver; two votive plaques with the representation of the divinities Fortuna and Mercury), ceramics ( luxury and common) etc. There is no shortage of monetary discoveries, among which two hoards discovered by A. Cserni, amounting to over 500 bronze and silver coins, hoarded from the time of the Severians to the time of Emperor Aurelian, stand out.
HISTORICAL-TOURISTIC VALUATION: Praetorium consularis from Apulum is a unique monument in Romania and one of the few known and preserved in the Roman Empire. Together with the extensive effort to enhance the Vauban Fortress and the archaeological remains before it (porta principalis dextra and principia the camp of the 13th Gemina legion, parts of the medieval fortification) and to create the atmosphere specific to the Habsburg period, the integration of a part of the Governor's Palace of Roman Dacia in the form of a Cultural center of art and archeology or archaeological park in the visiting circuit would only increase the historical-tourist value of the city of Alba Iulia.
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
COVASNA – THE FAIRY CITY
August – September 2022
Archaeological site Covasna – Citadel of the Fairies is located on the outskirts of Covasna, on Cetăţii Hill. The most numerous discoveries from the site belong to the Dacian Kingdom era, but materials dated to the Bronze Age or the Middle Ages were also discovered. Archaeological research was concentrated in the last campaigns in the area of the bastion and the wall on Terrace II. Here, two edifices (I and II) oriented roughly NE were discovered, which had a roof supported by wooden pillars. Until the year 2022, neither of these two edifices was fully outlined, so their functionality could not be established with precision.
The 2022 campaign (August-September) aimed to identify the northern and western limits of Building II, which had not been previously identified. The research is not complete, but from the information obtained so far, Building II appears to have had four rows of supporting pillars, 10 per row, except for a central row, with 11 pillars. In particular, Dacian ceramic fragments were found, but also objects made of silver, bronze, iron, glass or stone. Also, the amount of animal bones discovered was extraordinary.
COVASNA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE – FAIRY CITY
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The Dacians live not detached from the mountains (florus)
Cetatea Zânelor is located on Cetății Hill (930 m), on the outskirts of the town of Covasna (approx. 2 km east), near Mișca Pârâului. From the maximum altitude point, you can see a good part of the Braşov Depression, namely the Târgu Secuiesc sector and the Pârâului Negru valley.
Impressive for its location, but also for its preserved stone vestiges, the Citadel of the Fairies has inspired admiration and fear over time, with numerous stories and legends linked to its name. On Cetății Hill, according to local tradition, Ileana Cosânzeana and her sisters, the fairies, would have lived, hence the name of the place.
Over time, the Citadel of the Fairies has attracted the curious, treasure hunters, scholars or specialists. The identity of those who built the fortress remained an enigma for a long time. Archaeological research started in the middle of the 20th century made known the names of the most important inhabitants of the Cetății Hill. It's not about fairies, it's about Dacians.
The most numerous discoveries on Cetății Hill belong to the Dacian Kingdom, but materials from the Bronze Age, the first Iron Age or the Middle Ages were also found. Archaeological research in the site has been carried out continuously for the last 20 years, but the citadel has only revealed a part of its secrets.
The most consistent stage of occupation of the Cetății Hill is the one from the period of the Dacian Kingdom. The first phase of building the fortress started sometime at the end of the century. II BC or at the beginning of the next one. The fortress then underwent several renovations. At the beginning of the century II BC, in the context of the Daco-Roman wars, the fortress was destroyed. The area laid out by the Dacians is almost 30.000 m2, including an acropolis and six terraces (I-VI). The useful space on which it could be built covers 8.000 m2.
Stone walls were erected at the edge of the terraces, both with an obvious military purpose, but also to prevent the ground from sliding. Local stone, lightly processed, wood and clay were used to build the walls. In the upper part, the walls had a wooden structure (palisade). Such walls could reach 3-5 m in height. The total length of the walls exceeds 700 m. On the route of the walls there were quadrangular towers. Today, almost entirely, the walls are buried in the ground.
Traces of dwellings and workshops were discovered inside the fortified area. The materials discovered in the fortress are numerous and diverse. Some objects may be related to military activities, such as weapons (spears, arrows, knives) or pieces of harness (spurs, stirrups). There is no lack of objects for daily use or those used in agricultural or craft activities. The few coins discovered are of Greek, Celtic or Roman origin. Jewelry and clothing accessories (pendants, beads, bracelets, brooches) were made of various materials. The ceramic vessels found in the fortress are of great typological and utilitarian variety. Modeled by hand or on the potter's wheel, fired in blackish, gray or brick colors, they cover almost the entire range of pottery from the Dacian Kingdom period.
Recently, on Terrace II, near a tower, two edifices were found with the roof supported by three rows of wooden pillars. After two thousand years, the wooden pillars have not been preserved, but their traces are visible today in the layer of crushed rock at the foundation of the construction. The functionality of the edifices is not fully established, given the fact that they were not fully outlined and the material that belongs to them is under study. It can be about temples, of the type with alignments of columns, but another functionality cannot be excluded.
The location of the citadel, the relatively large area of the terraces, the massiveness of the fortification lines and the archaeological material discovered indicate the existence of an important power center of the Dacian Kingdom on the Citadel Hill, probably a residence of a local ruler.
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
DACIAN CITY FROM LUNCANI – RED STONE
In the Dacian citadel from Luncani - Piatra Roşie, archaeological excavations continued on terrace I and an area was opened on the citadel's plateau.
In both researched areas, vestiges were discovered that provide information about the planimetry of two of the most important Dacian buildings with stone bases: the construction with an apse, in the perimeter of which the team led by Constantin Daicoviciu found the first fragments of iron discs with representations zoomorphic, and "building k – o” which is composed of no less than five square rooms.
At the same time, new data were obtained regarding the ancient construction techniques and the chronological evolution of the various constructions in the mentioned citadel.
- Published in ARCHEOLOGY
