The organization of the province of Dacia following two military campaigns determined the massive presence of troops stationed in camps, spread both along the border of the province and in the interior. Economically prosperous and demographically dynamic areas have developed around them. The collection contains pieces of military equipment and weapons, as well as artifacts that illustrate the daily and religious life of soldiers, discovered in the camps of Gilău, Cășeiu, Gherla, Turda or Porolissum.

The Roman conquest, the transformation of the territory into a province and the settlers from different regions of the Roman Empire boosted the phenomenon of urbanization. The collection includes numerous artifacts from the most representative cities such as napoca, She could, Apulum, Porolissum, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa: from ornaments and clothing accessories, to household items or medical and writing instruments, furniture accessories or statuettes of worshiped deities. Near the cities there were villas rusticae, who belonged to the provincial elites. The excavations in the villas from Chinteni and Ciumăfaia led to the discovery of agricultural tools, objects of daily use and votive altars. Remarkable are the discoveries from the pottery workshop in Micăsasa, where numerous patterns for the manufacture of luxury ceramics come from - terra sigillata. Mining (exploitation of gold, salt and iron ore) is represented by specific tools, but also by unique discoveries in the empire, such as wax tablets. Discoveries specific to the Dacian population come from the cemeteries of Soporu de Câmpie, Lechinţa de Mureş, Moreşti, Obreja, Noşlac.

Late Antiquity and the era of migrations is illustrated by pieces discovered throughout Transylvania, either by chance or as a result of archaeological research. The most spectacular artefacts come from cemeteries and are part of the funerary inventory of different communities, from the period of the Sântana de Mureș – Cerneahov culture (Sântana de Mureș - IV century), from the Gepid period (Florești - Polus Center, Valea lui Mihai - century V-VI) and the Avar period (Band, Cicău, Noșlac, Gâmbaș – VI-IX centuries).